El DAÑO que provoca la MARIHUANA (Cannabis)

[krisnesh]

Asociada a estados de psicosis e inclusive ezquizofrenia, la marihuana está siendo confirmada como un factor de enfermedades psiquíatricas entre los consumidores.

Aun aquellos que fuman discontinuadamente tienen riesgo de desarrollo de algún grado de psicosis. La asociación con la ezquizofrenia ha sido confirmada por varias investigaciones. No es poco el daño que puede provocar.

Por otro lado, hay estudios que sugieren que el fumar marihuana también está asociado a ciertos cánceres de pulmón.

Cannabis use and subclinical positive psychotic experiences in early adolescence: Findings from a Dutch survey. van Gastel WA, Wigman JT, Monshouwer K, Kahn RS, van Os J, Boks MP, Vollebergh WA

Abstract

Aims  To investigate the association between early cannabis use and subclinical psychotic experiences, distinguishing between five levels of use: never used, discontinued use (lifetime users who did not use in the preceding year), experimental use, regular use and heavy use. Design  cross-sectional observational study Setting  Dutch Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, 2005 wave Participants  4552 secondary school children aged 12-16 years
Measurements  Cannabis Use, CAPE Positive Scale, confounding factors: age, gender, family affluence, household composition, social support, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, ethnicity and urbanicity.

Findings  The association between cannabis use and subclinical positive symptoms was confirmed, and remained significant after extensive adjustment for potential confounders. Associations were found for all user groups, with strongest associations for the discontinued use group (ß= 0.061, p = 0.000) and for the heavy use group (ß= 0.065, p = 0.000).

Conclusions  There is an enduring association between cannabis use at an early age and subclinical positive psychotic experiences, even after abstaining from cannabis for at least one year. © 2011 The Authors, Addiction © 2011 Society for the Study of Addiction.


Investigating the interaction between schizotypy, divergent thinking and cannabis use.
Schafer G, Feilding A, Morgan CJ, Agathangelou M, Freeman TP, Valerie Curran H.
SourceClinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Health and Educational Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

Abstract
Cannabis acutely increases schizotypy and chronic use is associated with elevated rates of psychosis. Creative individuals have higher levels of schizotypy, however links between cannabis use, schizotypy and creativity have not been investigated. We investigated the effects of cannabis smoked naturalistically on schizotypy and divergent thinking, a measure of creativity. One hundred and sixty cannabis users were tested on 1day when sober and another day when intoxicated with cannabis. State and trait measures of both schizotypy and creativity were administered. Quartile splits compared those lowest (n=47) and highest (n=43) in trait creativity. Cannabis increased verbal fluency in low creatives to the same level as that of high creatives.

Cannabis increased state psychosis-like symptoms in both groups and the high creativity group were significantly higher in trait schizotypy, but this does not appear to be linked to the verbal fluency change. Acute cannabis use increases divergent thinking as indexed by verbal fluency in low creatives.

Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved


Does cannabis use lead to schizophrenia?. Article in German
Heekeren K

Source: Klinik für Soziale Psychiatrie und Allgemeinpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich. karsten.heekeren@puk.zh.ch

Abstract

There is a high comorbidity between cannabis use and schizophrenia. Several factors contribute to this comorbidity: secondary development of addiction, cannabis-related induction of psychosis and shared neurobiological alterations. Meanwhile, there is evidence that cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Prospective epidemiological studies have shown that a frequent cannabis use doubles the risk for schizophrenia. Interestingly, schizophrenic patients with comorbid cannabis use often show significantly better performances in neuropsychological tests than patients without cannabis use. This is nevertheless not due to a positive effect of cannabis, but a sign of cannabis-related psychosis induction in subjects with a higher level of function and less cognitive impairment. Whether cannabis use leads to schizophrenia is determined by the individual vulnerability.

PMID:22048912[PubMed - in process]



Este es un interesante informe de una investigación apuntada a descubrir los componentes de la MARIHUANA causantes del daño psiquíatricos que provoca.....


Induction of psychosis by {delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol reflects modulation of prefrontal and striatal function during attentional salience processing.

Bhattacharyya S, Crippa JA, Allen P, Martin-Santos R, Borgwardt S, Fusar-Poli P, Rubia K, Kambeitz J, O'Carroll C, Seal ML, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Zuardi AW, Atakan Z, McGuire PK.
SourceDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Box P067, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England. sagnik.2.bhattacharyya@kcl.ac.uk.

Abstract
CONTEXT: The aberrant processing of salience is thought to be a fundamental factor underlying psychosis. Cannabis can induce acute psychotic symptoms, and its chronic use may increase the risk of schizophrenia. We investigated whether its psychotic effects are mediated through an influence on attentional salience processing.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on regional brain function during salience processing.

DESIGN: Volunteers were studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging on 3 occasions after administration of Δ9-THC, CBD, or placebo while performing a visual oddball detection paradigm that involved allocation of attention to infrequent (oddball) stimuli within a string of frequent (standard) stimuli.

SETTING: University center.

PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen healthy men with minimal previous cannabis use.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptom ratings, task performance, and regional brain activation.

RESULTS: During the processing of oddball stimuli, relative to placebo, Δ9-THC attenuated activation in the right caudate but augmented it in the right prefrontal cortex. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol also reduced the response latency to standard relative to oddball stimuli. The effect of Δ9-THC in the right caudate was negatively correlated with the severity of the psychotic symptoms it induced and its effect on response latency. The effects of CBD on task-related activation were in the opposite direction of those of Δ9-THC; relative to placebo, CBD augmented left caudate and hippocampal activation but attenuated right prefrontal activation.

CONCLUSIONS: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and CBD differentially modulate prefrontal, striatal, and hippocampal function during attentional salience processing. These effects may contribute to the effects of cannabis on psychotic symptoms and on the risk of psychotic disorders.


Es decir, LOS INVESTIGADORES CONCLUYEN que ciertos componentes psicoactivos de la Marihuana, Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol y el cannabidiol, actúan en PARTES ESPECÍFICAS del CEREBRO, y explicarían los efectos de la Marihuana en producir síntomas PSICÓTICOS y el AUMENTO del riesgo del PSICOSIS en fumadores de Marihuana.



En este estudio SE CONFIRMÓ que el fumar MARIHUANA aumenta el RIESGO DE DESARROLLAR CÁNCER de Pulmón...

Cannabis use and risk of lung cancer: a case control study.

Aldington S, Harwood M, Cox B, Weatherall M, Beckert L, Hansell A, Pritchard A, Robinson G, Beasley R;
Cannabis and Respiratory Disease Research Group

Source: Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the risk of lung cancer associated with cannabis smoking. A case-control study of lung
cancer in adults Cancer Registry and hospital databases. Controls were randomly selected from the electoral roll, with frequency matching to cases in 5-yr age groups and district health boards. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to assess possible risk factors, including
cannabis use. The relative risk of lung cancer associated with cannabis smoking was estimated by logistic regression. In total, 79 cases of
lung cancer and 324 controls were included in the study.

The risk of lung cancer increased 8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2-15) for each joint-yr of cannabis smoking, after adjustment for confounding variables including cigarette smoking, and 7% (95% CI 5-9) for each pack-yr of cigarette smoking, after adjustment for confounding variables including cannabis smoking.

The highest tertile of cannabis use was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (relative risk 5.7 (95% CI 1.5-21.6)), after adjustment for confounding variables including cigarette smoking. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that long-term cannabis use increases the risk of lung cancer in young adults.

[whoiam]

Lo del cáncer (de pulmón y especialmente de próstata) y la ezquisofrenia ya estaba comprobado. Es obvio que fumar cannabis aumenta el riesgo de contraer cáncer y más si se combina con tabaco porque se combinan los tóxicos de ambos.

[lionel10]

q me importa.

[fortuny77]

estan locos de remate
-----Agregado el 19/1/2012 a las 09 : 45 : 08-----
por que no contrasta tu informacion?

[el-profeta]

las drogas son malas

[HIPERION]

Spoiler

....esta hablando del fasooooooooooooooo!!!!!!!!!!

[Cain46]

Mentira!

[donxian]

[antijacob]

Asociada a estados de psicosis e inclusive ezquizofrenia, la marihuana está siendo confirmada como un factor de enfermedades psiquíatricas entre los consumidores.

Aun aquellos que fuman discontinuadamente tienen riesgo de desarrollo de algún grado de psicosis. La asociación con la ezquizofrenia ha sido confirmada por varias investigaciones. No es poco el daño que puede provocar.

Por otro lado, hay estudios que sugieren que el fumar marihuana también está asociado a ciertos cánceres de pulmón.

Cannabis use and subclinical positive psychotic experiences in early adolescence: Findings from a Dutch survey. van Gastel WA, Wigman JT, Monshouwer K, Kahn RS, van Os J, Boks MP, Vollebergh WA

Abstract

Aims  To investigate the association between early cannabis use and subclinical psychotic experiences, distinguishing between five levels of use: never used, discontinued use (lifetime users who did not use in the preceding year), experimental use, regular use and heavy use. Design  cross-sectional observational study Setting  Dutch Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, 2005 wave Participants  4552 secondary school children aged 12-16 years
Measurements  Cannabis Use, CAPE Positive Scale, confounding factors: age, gender, family affluence, household composition, social support, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, ethnicity and urbanicity.

Findings  The association between cannabis use and subclinical positive symptoms was confirmed, and remained significant after extensive adjustment for potential confounders. Associations were found for all user groups, with strongest associations for the discontinued use group (ß= 0.061, p = 0.000) and for the heavy use group (ß= 0.065, p = 0.000).

Conclusions  There is an enduring association between cannabis use at an early age and subclinical positive psychotic experiences, even after abstaining from cannabis for at least one year. © 2011 The Authors, Addiction © 2011 Society for the Study of Addiction.


Investigating the interaction between schizotypy, divergent thinking and cannabis use.
Schafer G, Feilding A, Morgan CJ, Agathangelou M, Freeman TP, Valerie Curran H.
SourceClinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Health and Educational Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.

Abstract
Cannabis acutely increases schizotypy and chronic use is associated with elevated rates of psychosis. Creative individuals have higher levels of schizotypy, however links between cannabis use, schizotypy and creativity have not been investigated. We investigated the effects of cannabis smoked naturalistically on schizotypy and divergent thinking, a measure of creativity. One hundred and sixty cannabis users were tested on 1day when sober and another day when intoxicated with cannabis. State and trait measures of both schizotypy and creativity were administered. Quartile splits compared those lowest (n=47) and highest (n=43) in trait creativity. Cannabis increased verbal fluency in low creatives to the same level as that of high creatives.

Cannabis increased state psychosis-like symptoms in both groups and the high creativity group were significantly higher in trait schizotypy, but this does not appear to be linked to the verbal fluency change. Acute cannabis use increases divergent thinking as indexed by verbal fluency in low creatives.

Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved


Does cannabis use lead to schizophrenia?. Article in German
Heekeren K

Source: Klinik für Soziale Psychiatrie und Allgemeinpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich. karsten.heekeren@puk.zh.ch

Abstract

There is a high comorbidity between cannabis use and schizophrenia. Several factors contribute to this comorbidity: secondary development of addiction, cannabis-related induction of psychosis and shared neurobiological alterations. Meanwhile, there is evidence that cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Prospective epidemiological studies have shown that a frequent cannabis use doubles the risk for schizophrenia. Interestingly, schizophrenic patients with comorbid cannabis use often show significantly better performances in neuropsychological tests than patients without cannabis use. This is nevertheless not due to a positive effect of cannabis, but a sign of cannabis-related psychosis induction in subjects with a higher level of function and less cognitive impairment. Whether cannabis use leads to schizophrenia is determined by the individual vulnerability.

PMID:22048912[PubMed - in process]



Este es un interesante informe de una investigación apuntada a descubrir los componentes de la MARIHUANA causantes del daño psiquíatricos que provoca.....


Induction of psychosis by {delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol reflects modulation of prefrontal and striatal function during attentional salience processing.

Bhattacharyya S, Crippa JA, Allen P, Martin-Santos R, Borgwardt S, Fusar-Poli P, Rubia K, Kambeitz J, O'Carroll C, Seal ML, Giampietro V, Brammer M, Zuardi AW, Atakan Z, McGuire PK.
SourceDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Box P067, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, England. sagnik.2.bhattacharyya@kcl.ac.uk.

Abstract
CONTEXT: The aberrant processing of salience is thought to be a fundamental factor underlying psychosis. Cannabis can induce acute psychotic symptoms, and its chronic use may increase the risk of schizophrenia. We investigated whether its psychotic effects are mediated through an influence on attentional salience processing.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on regional brain function during salience processing.

DESIGN: Volunteers were studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging on 3 occasions after administration of Δ9-THC, CBD, or placebo while performing a visual oddball detection paradigm that involved allocation of attention to infrequent (oddball) stimuli within a string of frequent (standard) stimuli.

SETTING: University center.

PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen healthy men with minimal previous cannabis use.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptom ratings, task performance, and regional brain activation.

RESULTS: During the processing of oddball stimuli, relative to placebo, Δ9-THC attenuated activation in the right caudate but augmented it in the right prefrontal cortex. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol also reduced the response latency to standard relative to oddball stimuli. The effect of Δ9-THC in the right caudate was negatively correlated with the severity of the psychotic symptoms it induced and its effect on response latency. The effects of CBD on task-related activation were in the opposite direction of those of Δ9-THC; relative to placebo, CBD augmented left caudate and hippocampal activation but attenuated right prefrontal activation.

CONCLUSIONS: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and CBD differentially modulate prefrontal, striatal, and hippocampal function during attentional salience processing. These effects may contribute to the effects of cannabis on psychotic symptoms and on the risk of psychotic disorders.


Es decir, LOS INVESTIGADORES CONCLUYEN que ciertos componentes psicoactivos de la Marihuana, Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol y el cannabidiol, actúan en PARTES ESPECÍFICAS del CEREBRO, y explicarían los efectos de la Marihuana en producir síntomas PSICÓTICOS y el AUMENTO del riesgo del PSICOSIS en fumadores de Marihuana.



En este estudio SE CONFIRMÓ que el fumar MARIHUANA aumenta el RIESGO DE DESARROLLAR CÁNCER de Pulmón...

Cannabis use and risk of lung cancer: a case control study.

Aldington S, Harwood M, Cox B, Weatherall M, Beckert L, Hansell A, Pritchard A, Robinson G, Beasley R;
Cannabis and Respiratory Disease Research Group

Source: Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the risk of lung cancer associated with cannabis smoking. A case-control study of lung
cancer in adults Cancer Registry and hospital databases. Controls were randomly selected from the electoral roll, with frequency matching to cases in 5-yr age groups and district health boards. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to assess possible risk factors, including
cannabis use. The relative risk of lung cancer associated with cannabis smoking was estimated by logistic regression. In total, 79 cases of
lung cancer and 324 controls were included in the study.

The risk of lung cancer increased 8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 2-15) for each joint-yr of cannabis smoking, after adjustment for confounding variables including cigarette smoking, and 7% (95% CI 5-9) for each pack-yr of cigarette smoking, after adjustment for confounding variables including cannabis smoking.

The highest tertile of cannabis use was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (relative risk 5.7 (95% CI 1.5-21.6)), after adjustment for confounding variables including cigarette smoking. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that long-term cannabis use increases the risk of lung cancer in young adults.

¿entonces?

Aún no entendemos qué causa esta condición. Los científicos en general están de acuerdo en que la esquizofrenia es un grupo de condiciones más que una enfermedad simple y, por lo tanto, puede tener varias causas. Los investigadores aceptan en general que ciertos defectos químicos o estructurales del cerebro, o ambos, pueden tener un rol en el trastorno. La investigación genética también sugiere que, si bien no se ha encontrado un gen único responsable de producir la esquizofrenia, varios genes pueden llevar a la predisposición, que puede ser gatillada por ciertos eventos de la vida.

Fuente: ASOCIACIÓN MUNDIAL PARA LA ESQUIZOFRENIA Y TRASTORNOS RELACIONADOS
(WORLD FELLOWSHIP FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA AND ALLIED DISORDERS)

PSICOSIS CANNABICA

Existen cuadros psicóticos de larga duración de tipo esquizofrénico puestos en marcha por el consumo de cannabis que plantean una confusión en el diagnóstico. Puede ser una “ESQUIZOFRENIA ENDOGENA” cuyo factor desencadenante es el consumo de drogas o bien puede ser una “PSICOSIS” cuyo factor causal es el consumo de tóxicos, denominada “PSICOSIS CANNABICA”. Este diagnóstico se incluye en el DSM IV y lo denomina Trastorno Psicótico inducido por sustancias. Sus criterios resumidos son:

A. Alucinaciones o ideas delirantes.

B. Los síntomas de “A”, aparecen durante o en el mes siguiente a una intoxicación por o abstinencia de sustancias.

C. La alteración no es una esquizofrenia endógena.

D. La alteración no aparece exclusivamente en el transcurso de un delirium.

ETIOLOGIA

El abuso de drogas prece al comienzo de la psicopatología, actuando así como causa o precipitante. Se ha visto en diferentes estudios que los pacientes esquizofrénicos con abuso de drogas presentan un comienzo de la enfermedad a edad más temprana y un mejor funcionamiento premórbido; bien actuando como desencadenante o como un factor de riesgo más.

EPIDEMIOLOGÍA

En enfermos mentales crónicos se ha hallado que los pacientes con doble diagnóstico son la mayoría jóvenes, varones, de estracto socioeconómico bajo, y con una historia familiar de sociopatía y alcoholismo, menos capaces de dirigir sus vidas en la comunidad, con dificultades para mantener comidas regulares, sus finanzas adecuadamente, un hogar estable y unas actividades regulares mostrando una gran hostilidad, un mayor índice de suicidabilidad, una mayor desorganización y manteniendo un pobre cumplimiento en las prescripciones medicamentosas.

Además el comienzo de su enfermedad es más temprana y sufren más rehospitalizaciones. Asimismo parece existir una historia familiar de abuso de drogas significativamente más común en pacientes abusadores que los que no lo son. Hay numerosos trabajos que señalan aspectos en la interrelación entre el uso de drogas y la evolución de la esquizofrenia.

El abuso de estimulantes está asociado con la primera hospitalización a edad más temprana pero no con mayor número de hospitalizaciones.

Spoiler

FUENTES:
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
1. Excelentísimo Ayuntamiento de Valencia, Concejalía de Sanidad y Consumo. Programa Municipal de Drogodependencia.
2. Piedrola, G. et. al.: Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública Barcelona. Salvat. 9.ª Edición.
3. Orta Rodríguez, José: Problemas de diagnóstico diferencial entre la esquizofrenia y la psicosis cannabicas. Folia Neuropsiquiátrica. (1996) 2/31 pg. 141-147.
4. Angosto, T.; Fernández, J. L.; Arnillas, H.; Gastañaduy, M. J.; Teijeira, J. R.; Olivares, J. M.: Comorbilidad y Esquizofrenia. Rev. Asoc. Esp. Neuropsi, vol. XVI, n.º 57, (1996) pg. 21-36.
5. Teijeira Santiago, J. R. y otros: Esquizofrenia y uso/abuso de opiaceos. Comunicación libre al XIX Congreso de la AEN, Sevilla, 1993.
6. OMS. Décima revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10). Trastornos Mentales y del Comportamiento. Madrid. 1992.
7. Kaplan, H. J.; Sadock, B. J.: Tratado de Psiquiatría. 2.ª Edición. Tomo I. 1989.
8. Nogueras Ormazábal, B.; Mendivil Ferrández, J. L.; Eguiluz Urruchurtu, J.; González Torres, M. A.: El doble diagnóstico. Esquizofrenia y toxicomanía: revisión de la literatura. Psiquis. 1993; 14(3): pg. 119-127.
9. Varo, J. R.; Ara, M. S.; Martínez Arevalo, M. J.: Aspectos de comorbilidad Psiquiátrica en el consumo de drogas. XX Jornadas Nacionales Sociadrogalcohol: Avances en drogodependencias. 1992; pg. 169-178.
10. Varo, J. R.: Psicosis inducidas por drogas: Aspectos clínicos y psiquiátricos legales. I Jornadas Nacionales. Madrid, 10-11 Octubre 1991.
11. Bellido, J.; Torre, V.; Sanz, A.; Navarro, M.ª E.; Herreer, F.; Vidal, C.; Sanz, E.: Patrones de consumo de tóxicos en la esquizofrenia. Informaciones psiquiátricas. 1991, 125/ 3er trimestre 1991, pg. 255-263.
12. Arranz Muñecas, J.; Bellido Torrejón, J.; Bosque Gabarre, C.; Galve Fernández, L.; Navarro Hurtado, M.ª E.: Comorbilidad en los trastornos de personalidad. Informaciones psiquiátricas. 1992, 130/4.º trimestre de 1992, pg. 771-779.
13. Simoes, M.; Carbonell Masia, C.; Pocayerra, M.; Hernández, L.: Cannabis y psicosis esquizofrénica: Estado clínico psicopatología. 1991, 1/T1. pg. 15-19.
14. Rasool, G. H.: The health status and health care of ethno-cultural minorities in the United Kingdom: an agenda for action. Journal-of-Advanced-Nursing 1995 Feb; 21(2): 199-201.
15. Ries, R.; Mullen, M.; Cox, G.: Symptom Severity and utilization of treatment resources among avally diagnosed inpatients. Hospital-and-Community-Psychiatry 1994. Jun-45(6): 562-8.
16. Gyuzu, R.; Mound, B.; Flanagan, E.: Mental health consumers as public educators: qualitative study. Canadian Journal-of-Nursing-Research 1994 Summer; 26(2): 29-42.
17. Cuffel, B. J.; Heithoff, K. A.; Lawson, W.: Correlates of patterns of substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia. Hos-Community-Psychiatry 1993 Mar; 44(3): 247-51

.

[krisnesh]

Whoiam

De acuerdo con tu comentario.,

Al resto, por favor, PIENSEN, estudien, lean, averiguen.....

No es una caza de brujas, es SIMPLEMENTE que debemos saber que estamos consumiendo.....

Si hay pruebas, y estas son algunas, que fumar marihuana genera estos daños, no es para decir "mentira", o "contrastar"....


Estos son estudios hechos por profesionales en centros de investigaciones serios. No es cualquier cosa.

SIEMPRE debemos entender que TODA sustancia que nos provoque alteraciones de la conciencia no es bueno.

La CONCIENCIA es para ENTENDER, COMPRENDER la realidad, a nosotros, a los demás, a la misma vida......no es para escapara o querer ver otra cosa.

Y si la cocaína, las anfetaminas, la marihuana o cualquier otra droga psicotrópica altera la capacidad de entender, de comprender a los demás o las cosas, pues no es bueno.

NO HAY QUE TENER MIEDO a enfrentar la vida, los problemas o las desiluiciones, así como las traiciones o demás sufrimientos......forma parte de la vida comprender que lo que pasa, por algo pasa...

saludos a todos

Y les deseo lo mejor.